Many Spyware programs specialize in performing one task—displaying ads, collecting data, changing browser settings, etc.—and can be easily categorized. However there are a large number that perform a variety of different actions and are harder to label. Still, a vocabulary for the different types of Spyware threats has grown useful within the industry and may help home users detect and diagnose threats.
Displays unwanted or intrusive advertisements, or facilitates the delivery of unwanted ads. The Adware label covers a broad range of threats that can display ads in browser windows, open commercial websites, and collect data for market research.
BHOs are not inherently dangerous. They are DLL files that are executed by Internet Explorer. Add-in toolbars and sidebars are BHOs, and many of them are completely benign, like the Google toolbar. However, a great number of BHOs function as Spyware, tracking Web usage, recording private data and even displaying ads.
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Browser Hijacker
Changes Web browser settings like homepage, search page, error page, and Favorites/Bookmarks.
Browser hijackers are a common form of Spyware, affecting millions of computers
across North America alone. If your homepage changes unexpectedly or your search
results seem strange, you may have a browser hijacker.
Dialer
Programs that access a user’s phone line via a phone-connected modem.
Dialers can make unauthorized calls to pay-per-minute phone services, costing
the user hundreds of dollars in phone charges.
Downloader
Downloads and installs unsolicited files or programs, often without notifying
the user or requesting permission. Downloader programs are especially dangerous
because they allow any type of file, including worms and viruses, to be downloaded
onto the user’s computer
Exploit
Exploits a security vulnerability in another program, often to allow an intruder
to remotely access the user’s computer. A threat is often classified as
an exploit if it is known to exploit a vulnerability, but its other effects
are unknown.
Flooder
Sends massive amounts of data to a computer or network in an attempt to overload
and disable a network/Internet connection.
Keylogger
Records keystrokes into a log file and may transmit or e-mail the file to an
intruder. Keyloggers can record passwords and logins, allowing intruders to
access passworded programs and websites, including online banking accounts.
Most keyloggers log ALL keystrokes.
Malware
A generic term for software designed specifically to do damage—“malicious
software.” Malware and viruses seem similar, but Malware is typically
not self-replicating or designed for PC-to-PC distribution.
Remote Administration Tool (RAT)
Allows a remote intruder to access a user’s PC and perform unwanted actions
ranging from basic data collection to file erasure and uploading, restart and
shutdown, and even hard-drive formatting. Similar to so-called “backdoor”
applications, RATs give intruders easy access to a PC.
Spyware/Surveillance
Designed to collect data for a variety of purposes, true Spyware (or surveillance)
applications record personal or private information and transmit it to a third
party. Often this data is used for market research and advertising, but more
malicious Spyware programs attempt to steal passwords, logins, banking details
and credit card information.
Trackware/Data Miner
Tracks the user’s Web usage, Web searches, or general computer use. Cookies
are one kind of data miner, and although most are harmless, some attempt to
collect private information.
They’re not classified as Spyware, but the following are commonly associated with many Spyware threats.
Trojan
Trojan horse programs take their name from the mythical wooden horse that carried
hidden Greek soldiers into Troy. These programs contain hidden functionality,
often posing as useful applications yet performing Spyware or Adware functions,
or allowing remote access.
Worm
Worms are self-replicating, fast-spreading Internet threats that are more akin
to viruses than Spyware. They differ from viruses in that they can replace entire
files on the host computer. Both viruses and worms attempt to spread to as many
computers as possible, using e-mail, the Internet, and file-sharing networks
as methods of distribution.
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